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"In the middle years of the Great Depression, the antifascist movement became a global political force, powerfully uniting people from across divisions of ideology, geography, race, language, and nationality. Joseph Fronczak shows how socialists, liberals, communists, anarchists, and others achieved a semblance of unity in the fight against fascism. Depression-era antifascists were populist, militant, and internationalist. They understood fascism in global terms, and they were determined to fight it on local terms. In the United States, antifascists fought against fascism on the streets of cities such as Chicago and New York, and they connected their own fights to the ones raging in Germany, Italy, and Spain. As he traces the global trajectory of the antifascist movement, Fronczak argues that its most significant legacy is its creation of "the left" as we know it today: an international conglomeration of people committed to a shared politics of solidarity with each other."--Dust jacket.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- What's in Your Garden? -- Garden Food Chains -- Step 1: Plants -- Step 2: Animals -- All About Herbivores -- Step 3: More Animals -- All About Carnivores -- Decomposers -- Top of the Food Chain -- A Garden's Many Food Chains -- Glossary -- Index -- Back Cover.

W polskiej doktrynie prawa karnego powinność traktowana była tradycyjnie jako jedna z przesłanek przypisania niedbalstwa (nieświadomej winy nieumyślnej). Wynikało to przede wszystkim z brzmienia art. 14 § 2 Kodeksu karnego z 1932 r. i art. 7 § 2 Kodeksu karnego z 1969 r. Analiza dogmatyczna struktury przestępstwa nieumyślnego wskazuje jednak, że powinność przewidywania – leżąca u podstaw zarówno lekkomyślności, jak i niedbalstwa – nie oznacza obowiązku potencjalnego przeżycia psychicznego, ale obowiązek określonego zachowania. W wypadku przestępstw nieumyślnych (do ich popełnienia dochodzi wskutek braku ostrożności) ten obowiązek właściwego zachowania sprowadza się do powinności przestrzegania tej reguły postępowania, której wykluczenie doprowadziło do realizacji znamion nieumyślnego czynu zabronionego. Tym samym powinność jako kategoria normatywna w strukturze przestępstwa nieumyślnego wyczerpuje się na poziomie bezprawności, a nie winy.

Inhaltsangabe: Diese Arbeit ist in drei Teilbereiche untergliedert. Im ersten Teil werden die Grundlagen des Klimasystems und seiner natürlichen Variabilität dargestellt (Kapitel 2), um im weiteren Verlauf (Kapitel 3) auf die zunehmende menschliche Beeinflussung des Klimas durch den anthropogenen Treibhauseffekt einzugehen. Aufbauend auf einem überleitenden Kapitel zur Bewertung von Klimamodellen (Kapitel 4), beschreibt Kapitel 5 zu Beginn des zweiten Teils die Modellprognosen der Klimaforscher hinsichtlich zukünftiger Klimaänderungen. Auf Grundlage dieser Szenarien werden in Kapitel 6 die potentiellen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die natürlichen und sozialen Systeme unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Krisenpotentiale diskutiert. Der abschließende Teil befaßt sich in Kapitel 7 mit der Frage, ob die dargestellten Wirkungen des Klimawandels potentiell zu einer Zunahme von Umweltflüchtlingen und Umweltkonflikten führen, um schließlich in Kapitel 8 auf die internationale Klimapolitik als ein geeignetes Instrument der Krisenprävention einzugehen. Die globale Klimaentwicklung des letzten Jahrhunderts legt einen erkennbaren Einfluß des Menschen auf das Klima nahe. Die Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger, die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft und der rapide Bevölkerungszuwachs haben zu einem drastischen Anstieg der Treibhausgaskonzentrationen und damit zur Verstärkung der Treibhauswirkung der Atmosphäre geführt. Bei Fortführung der gegenwärtigen Trends projizieren Klimaforscher für das kommende Jahrhundert je nach Szenario eine Zunahme der globalen Durchschnittstemperatur von 0,9-3,5°C. Die Folgen einer solchen Erwärmung für Mensch und Natur wären verheerend: der Anstieg des Meeresspiegels, die Verknappung der Wasserreserven oder die Vernichtung fruchtbarer Böden durch Erosion und Versteppung - besonders betroffen wären die Entwicklungsländer, die nur einen geringen Beitrag zum zusätzlichen Treibhauseffekt geleistet haben. Je nach Ausmaß und Geschwindigkeit der Klimaveränderungen reichen die potentiellen sozio-ökonomische Folgen von einer marginalen Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität bis zur direkten Bedrohung der elementaren Grundbedürfnisse und des Lebens. Wie reagiert eine Gesellschaft auf die zusätzliche Bedrohung und den Wegfall lebenswichtiger Ressourcen? Instabilitäten, Massenemigrationen, Verteilungs- und Ressourcenkonflikte könnten in den betroffenen Regionen die Folge sein. Dort, wo ein knappes Umwelt- oder Wirtschaftsgut von mehreren Staaten gleichzeitig beansprucht wird, drohen grenzüberschreitende Eskalationen. Zu erwarten sind zudem verstärkt Spannungen zwischen arm und reich - denn wer nichts hat, wird zu denen wandern, die viel haben. Migration und Konflikte als Folge des Klimawandels könnten ihrerseits wiederum Ursache von Umweltstreß sein, so daß sich ein Teufelskreis zu drehen beginnt, an dessen Anfang die menschliche Beeinflussung des Klimas steht. Die Alternative zu diesen düsteren Zukunftsprojektionen ist die Implementierung wirksamer Klimaschutzmaßnahmen unter dem Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit. Die Betrachtung des Klimawandels unter dem Blickwinkel der Krisen- und Konfliktprävention bietet zudem eine enorme Chance, dem Klimaschutz auch in anderen Ressorts als der Green-Society eine neue Wertigkeit zu geben und die schleppenden Klimaverhandlungen mit neuem Motor zu versehen.

Autorka porusza tematykę rodzajów i form zachowań agresywnych oraz mechanizmów powstawania agresji u dzieci. Przedstawia także założenia społeczno-poznawczego modelu pracy z agresywnymi dziećmi. Artykuł skierowany jest przede wszystkim do osób pracujących z dziećmi, zaniepokojonych ich agresywnymi zachowaniami w sytuacji kiedy dotychczas wykorzystane metody pracy nie są wystarczająco efektywne.

Intro -- Dedication -- Epigraph -- Prologue -- Part One: Chicago -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 -- Part Two: Las Vegas -- Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 -- Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 -- Chapter 17 -- Chapter 18 -- Chapter 19 -- Chapter 20 -- Chapter 21 -- Part Three: Atlantic City -- Chapter 22 -- Chapter 23 -- Chapter 24 -- Chapter 25 -- Chapter 26 -- Chapter 27 -- Chapter 28 -- Chapter 29 -- Chapter 30 -- Epilogue -- Photographs -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Copyright.

This qualitative telling case study was situated within a broader project, which explored how the research participants modified their teaching after having completed their master's program. We investigated reflective stance of a teacher-practitioner who was a graduate of a Master's Literacy Specialist program, which promoted reflective teaching practices using videos of students' own teaching. The research questions were: (1) How does the participant demonstrate his use of a reflective stance with regard to teaching practices? (2) What are the modifications in teaching practices that were made by the participant after the reflective video pedagogy course used in his graduate practicum? (3) What other elements of his graduate program does the participant describe as being important in his development as a reflective practitioner? (4) Which of these elements does he choose to employ in his classroom? Primary data sources included: classroom observations, participant interviews, and student artifacts. We analysed the data using qualitative methods of open coding, thematic analysis, and triangulation. The research found that the focus-participant reported a series of modifications made by him to his teaching and demonstrated his use of reflective stance on the high mastery level.

A deterministic mechanical model based on physical tool parameters was used for estimating static and dynamic hand forces from kinematic measurements. We investigated the effects of target torque (25, 40, and 55 Nm) and threaded fastener joint hardness (35-, 150-, 300-, 500-, and 900-ms torque buildup time) on hand force. Estimated hand force was affected by target torque and joint hardness. Peak and average dynamic hand force was least for the hard joint (35-ms buildup) and greatest for the medium hardness joint (150-ms buildup). Tool inertia played the major role in reducing hand reaction force. Estimated hand force decreased when the inertial force component increased. Inertial force decreased by 366% when buildup time increased from 35 to 300 ms. Static modeling overestimated hand force; the error ranged from 10% for a soft joint to 40% for a hard joint. Results from direct hand force measurements using a strain gauge dynamometer showed that the dynamic model overestimated peak hand force by 9%. However, average hand force and force impulse were not significantly overestimated.

Decentralizing health services, including those for HIV prevention and treatment, is one strategy for maximizing the use of limited resources and expanding treatment options; yet few methods exist for systematically identifying where investments for service expansion might be most effective, in terms of meeting needs and rapid availability of improved services. The Nigerian Government, the United States Government under the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program and other donors are expanding services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV to primary health care facilities in Nigeria. Nigerian primary care facilities vary greatly in their readiness to deliver HIV/AIDS services. In 2012, MEASURE Evaluation assessed 268 PEPFAR-supported primary health care facilities in Nigeria and developed a systematic method for prioritizing these facilities for expansion of PMTCT services. Each assessed facility was scored based on two indices with multiple, weighted variables: one measured facility readiness to provide PMTCT services, the other measured local need for the services and feasibility of expansion. These two scores were compiled and the summary score used as the basis for prioritizing facilities for PMTCT service expansion. The rationale was that using need and readiness to identify where to expand PMTCT services would result in more efficient allocation of resources. A review of the results showed that the indices achieved the desired effect—that is prioritizing facilities with high need even when readiness was problematic and also prioritizing facilities where rapid scale-up was feasible. This article describes the development of the two-part index and discusses advantages of using this approach when planning service expansion. The authors' objective is to contribute to development of methodologies for prioritizing investments in HIV, as well as other public health arenas, that should improve cost-effectiveness and strengthen services and systems in resource-limited ...

Objective: A laboratory study investigated the relationship between power hand tool and task-related factors affecting threaded fastener torque accuracy and associated handle reaction force. Background: We previously developed a biodynamic model to predict handle reaction forces. We hypothesized that torque accuracy was related to the same factors that affect operator capacity to react against impulsive tool forces, as predicted by the model. Method: The independent variables included tool (pistol grip on a vertical surface, right angle on a horizontal surface), fastener torque rate (hard, soft), horizontal distance (30 cm and 60 cm), and vertical distance (80 cm, 110 cm, and 140 cm). Ten participants (five male and five female) fastened 12 similar bolts for each experimental condition. Results: Average torque error (audited − target torque) was affected by fastener torque rate and operator position. Torque error decreased 33% for soft torque rates, whereas handle forces greatly increased (170%). Torque error also decreased for the far horizontal distance 7% to 14%, when vertical distance was in the middle or high, but handle force decreased slightly 3% to 5%. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that although both tool and task factors affect fastening accuracy, they each influence handle reaction forces differently. We conclude that these differences are attributed to different parameters each factor influences affecting the dynamics of threaded faster tool operation. Fastener torque rate affects the tool dynamics, whereas posture affects the spring-mass-damping biodynamic properties of the human operator. Application: The prediction of handle reaction force using an operator biodynamic model may be useful for codifying complex and unobvious relationships between tool and task factors for minimizing torque error while controlling handle force.